I. Okwu mmalite
Phospholipids bụ klas nke lipids bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akpụkpọ ahụ sel. Ọdịdị ha pụrụ iche, nke nwere isi hydrophilic na ọdụ abụọ hydrophobic, na-enye ohere ka phospholipids mepụta usoro bilayer, na-eje ozi dị ka ihe mgbochi nke na-ekewa ihe dị n'ime cell na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọrụ nhazi a dị mkpa maka ikwado iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na ịrụ ọrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ n'ime ihe niile dị ndụ.
Ngosipụta cell na nzikọrịta ozi bụ usoro dị mkpa nke na-enyere mkpụrụ ndụ aka ịmekọrịta ibe ha na gburugburu ha, na-enye ohere maka nzaghachi ahaziri ahazi na mkpali dị iche iche. Selụ nwere ike ịhazi uto, mmepe na ọtụtụ ọrụ physiological site na usoro ndị a. Ụzọ nrịbama cell na-agụnye nnyefe nke mgbaàmà, dị ka hormones ma ọ bụ neurotransmitters, nke ndị na-anabata ya na akpụkpọ ahụ sel na-achọpụta, na-ebute ihe omume na-emecha na-eduga na nzaghachi cellular kpọmkwem.
Ịghọta ọrụ phospholipids na akara cell na nzikọrịta ozi dị oke mkpa maka ịkọwapụta mgbagwoju anya nke otu mkpụrụ ndụ si akpakọrịta na ịhazi ọrụ ha. Nghọta a nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mpaghara dị iche iche, gụnyere usoro ihe ọmụmụ mkpụrụ ndụ, nkà mmụta ọgwụ, na mmepe nke usoro ọgwụgwọ ezubere iche maka ọtụtụ ọrịa na nsogbu. Site n'ịbanye n'ime mkparịta ụka dị mgbagwoju anya n'etiti phospholipids na akara cell, anyị nwere ike nweta nghọta n'ime usoro ndị bụ isi na-achịkwa omume na ọrụ cellular.
II. Ọdịdị nke Phospholipids
A. Nkọwa nke Ọdịdị Phospholipid:
Phospholipids bụ mkpụrụ ndụ amphipathic, nke pụtara na ha nwere mpaghara hydrophilic (mmiri na-adọta) na mpaghara hydrophobic (mmiri na-egbochi mmiri). Nhazi nke phospholipid bụ molekul glycerol jikọtara ya na ụdọ acid fatty abụọ na otu isi nwere phosphate. Ọdụ hydrophobic, nke mejupụtara ụdọ acid fatty, na-etolite n'ime ime nke lipid bilayer, ebe ndị isi hydrophilic na-emekọ ihe na mmiri ma n'ime ma n'elu nke akpụkpọ ahụ. Nhazi a pụrụ iche na-enye phospholipids ohere ijikọta onwe ya n'ime bilayer, na ọdụ hydrophobic na-adabere n'ime ya na isi hydrophilic na-eche ihu na gburugburu ebe mmiri dị n'ime na n'èzí cell.
B. Ọrụ Phospholipid Bilayer na cell Membrane:
The phospholipid bilayer bụ akụkụ dị oke mkpa nhazi nke akpụkpọ ahụ cell, na-enye ihe mgbochi nke nwere ike ime ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-achịkwa ntinye nke ihe na-abanye na cell. Mgbanwe a na-ahọrọ dị mkpa maka idobe gburugburu ebe obibi nke cell ma dị oke mkpa maka usoro dị ka iri nri, mkpochapụ ihe mkpofu, na nchebe pụọ na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ. E wezụga ọrụ nhazi ya, phospholipid bilayer na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa na nrịbama cell na nzikọrịta ozi.
Ụdị mosaic mmiri nke akpụkpọ ahụ cell, nke onye na-agụ egwú na Nicolson tụpụtara na 1972, na-emesi ike ike na ọdịdị dị iche iche nke akpụkpọ ahụ, na phospholipids na-agagharị mgbe niile na protein dị iche iche gbasasịa n'ime bilayer lipid. Usoro a dị ike bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ịkwado akara cell na nzikọrịta ozi. A na-etinye ndị na-anabata ihe, ọwa ion, na protein ndị ọzọ na-egosi n'ime phospholipid bilayer ma dị mkpa maka ịmata akara mpụga na ibufe ha n'ime cell.
Ọzọkwa, akụrụngwa anụ ahụ nke phospholipids, dị ka mmiri mmiri ha na ikike imepụta rafts lipid, na-emetụta nhazi na ịrụ ọrụ nke protein membrane na-etinye aka na akara cell. Omume ike nke phospholipids na-emetụta mpaghara na ọrụ nke protein ndị na-egosi, si otú ahụ na-emetụta kpọmkwem na arụmọrụ nke ụzọ mgbaàmà.
Ịghọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti phospholipids na nhazi na ọrụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ cell nwere mmetụta miri emi maka ọtụtụ usoro ndu, gụnyere homeostasis cellular, mmepe, na ọrịa. Mwekota nke bayoloji phospholipid na nyocha ihe nrịbama cell na-aga n'ihu na-ekpughe nghọta dị oke mkpa n'ime mgbagwoju anya nke nkwukọrịta cell ma na-ekwe nkwa maka mmepe nke usoro ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ.
III. Ọrụ Phospholipids na nrịbama cell
A. Phospholipids dị ka Molecules na-egosi
Phospholipids, dị ka ihe ndị a ma ama nke membranes cell, apụtala dị ka ụmụ irighiri ihe dị mkpa na nzikọrịta ozi cell. Ndị isi hydrophilic nke phospholipids, karịsịa ndị nwere inositol phosphates, na-eje ozi dị ka ndị ozi nke abụọ dị mkpa n'ụzọ dị iche iche na-egosi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egosi ihe na-egosi molekul site n'ịgbagide ya n'ime inositol trisphosphate (IP3) na diacylglycerol (DAG) na nzaghachi nye ihe mkpali extracellular. Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-egosi lipid na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịhazi ọkwa calcium intracellular intracellular na ime ka protein kinase C rụọ ọrụ, si otú a na-emegharị usoro cellular dị iche iche gụnyere mmụba cell, ọdịiche, na ịkwaga.
Ọzọkwa, phospholipids dị ka phosphatidic acid (PA) na lysophospholipids ka amatala dị ka ụmụ irighiri ihe na-emetụta nzaghachi cellular ozugbo site na mmekọrịta ya na ebumnuche protein. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, PA na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye mgbasa ozi isi na uto cell na mmụba site n'ịkwalite protein ndị na-egosi, ebe lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) na-etinye aka na nhazi nke cytoskeletal dynamics, ndụ cell, na ịkwaga. Ọrụ ndị a dị iche iche nke phospholipids na-egosipụta mkpa ha dị n'ịhazi ihe mgbama dị mgbagwoju anya n'ime sel.
B. Ntinye aka nke Phospholipids na ụzọ ntụgharị mgbaàmà
Ntinye aka nke phospholipids na ụzọ ntụgharị mgbaàmà bụ ihe atụ site na ọrụ dị mkpa ha na-emezigharị ọrụ nke ndị na-anabata akpụkpọ ahụ, karịsịa G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). N'elu njikọ ligand na GPCRs, phospholipase C (PLC) na-arụ ọrụ, na-eduga na hydrolysis nke PIP2 na ọgbọ IP3 na DAG. IP3 na-ebute ntọhapụ nke calcium site na ụlọ ahịa intracellular, ebe DAG na-arụ ọrụ protein kinase C, n'ikpeazụ na-ejedebe na nhazi nke okwu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, uto cell, na nnyefe synapti.
Ọzọkwa, phosphoinositides, klas nke phospholipids, na-eje ozi dị ka ebe ndochi anya maka protein na-etinye aka n'ụzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere ndị na-achịkwa ịzụ ahịa akpụkpọ anụ na actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Mkparịta ụka dị egwu dị n'etiti phosphoinositides na protein ndị na-emekọrịta ihe na-enye aka na nhazi oghere na oge nke ihe omume mgbaàmà, si otú ahụ na-emepụta nzaghachi cellular na mkpali extracellular.
Ntinye aka dị iche iche nke phospholipids na akara cell na ụzọ ntụgharị mgbaàmà na-emesi mkpa ha dị ka ndị isi nchịkwa nke homeostasis cellular na ọrụ.
IV. Phospholipids na nkwukọrịta intracellular
A. Phospholipids na nrịbama intracellular
Phospholipids, klas nke lipids nwere otu phosphate, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nrịbama intracellular, na-ahazi usoro cellular dị iche iche site na itinye aka na akara cascades. Otu ihe atụ pụtara ìhè bụ phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), phospholipid dị na akpụkpọ ahụ plasma. Na nzaghachi nye mkpali extracellular, PIP2 na-ekewa n'ime inositol trisphosphate (IP3) na diacylglycerol (DAG) site na enzyme phospholipase C (PLC). IP3 na-akpalite ntọhapụ nke calcium site na ụlọ ahịa intracellular, ebe DAG na-arụ ọrụ protein kinase C, n'ikpeazụ na-achịkwa ọrụ dị iche iche nke cell dị ka mmụba cell, ọdịiche, na nhazigharị cytoskeletal.
Na mgbakwunye, phospholipids ndị ọzọ, gụnyere phosphatidic acid (PA) na lysophospholipids, achọpụtala dị ka ihe dị oke egwu na nrịbama intracellular. PA na-enye aka na nhazi nke uto cell na mmụba site na ime ihe dị ka onye na-eme ka protein dị iche iche na-egosi. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) ka amatala maka itinye aka na ngbanwe nke ndụ cell, mbugharị, na cytoskeletal dynamics. Nchọpụta ndị a na-emesi ike dị iche iche na ọrụ dị mkpa nke phospholipids dị ka ụmụ irighiri ihe na-egosi n'ime cell.
B. Mmekọrịta nke Phospholipids na protein na ndị na-anabata ya
Phospholipids na-esokwa protein dị iche iche na ndị na-anabata ya na-emekọrịta ihe iji megharịa ụzọ akara ekwentị. N'ụzọ doro anya, phosphoinositides, otu obere phospholipids, na-eje ozi dị ka ikpo okwu maka mbanye na ịgbalite protein ndị na-egosi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka uto cell na mmụba site n'iweta protein ndị nwere pleckstrin homology (PH) na akpụkpọ ahụ plasma, si otú ahụ na-ebute ihe omume mgbama ala. Ọzọkwa, njikọ siri ike nke phospholipids nwere protein na-egosi na ndị na-anabata ya na-enye ohere maka njikwa spatiotemporal ziri ezi nke ihe mgbaàmà n'ime cell.
Mmekọrịta dị iche iche nke phospholipids na protein na ndị na-anabata ya na-egosipụta ọrụ dị mkpa ha na mgbanwe nke ụzọ mgbaàmà intracellular, n'ikpeazụ na-enye aka na nhazi nke ọrụ cellular.
V. Iwu nke Phospholipids na nrịbama cell
A. Enzymes na ụzọ ndị etinyere na metabolism Phospholipid
A na-ahazi phospholipids ike site na netwọk dị mgbagwoju anya nke enzymes na ụzọ, na-emetụta ụba na ọrụ ha na akara cell. Otu ụzọ dị otú ahụ gụnyere njikọ na ntụgharị nke phosphatidylinositol (PI) na phosphorylated dravatives, nke a maara dị ka phosphoinotides. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases na phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases bụ enzymes nke na-eme ka phosphorylation nke PI na ọnọdụ D4 na D5, na-emepụta phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) na phosphatidylinositol (Pi4P) na phosphatidylinositol (Pi4P) na phosphatidylinositol. N'aka nke ọzọ, phosphatases, dị ka phosphatase na tensin homolog (PTEN), dephosphorylate phosphoinositides, na-achịkwa ọkwa ha na mmetụta na akara ekwentị.
Ọzọkwa, de novo synthesis nke phospholipids, karịsịa phosphatidic acid (PA), bụ onye ogbugbo site na enzymes dị ka phospholipase D na diacylglycerol kinase, ebe mmebi ha na-emebi site na phospholipases, gụnyere phospholipase A2 na phospholipase C. Ndị a na-achịkwa ọrụ enzymatic nke mkpokọta nchịkwa. ndị ogbugbo lipid bioactive, na-emetụta usoro nrịbama mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche ma na-enye aka na mmezi nke homeostasis cellular.
B. Mmetụta nke Iwu Phospholipid na usoro nrịbama cell
Usoro nke phospholipids na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na usoro mgbaàmà cell site n'ịgbanwe ọrụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe mgbaàmà dị mkpa na ụzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ntụgharị nke PIP2 site na phospholipase C na-emepụta inositol trisphosphate (IP3) na diacylglycerol (DAG), na-eduga na ntọhapụ nke calcium intracellular na ịgbalite protein kinase C, n'otu n'otu. Ihe nrịbama nke a na-emetụta nzaghachi cellular dị ka neurotransmission, mkpụkọ akwara, na ịgbalite cell dịghịzi.
Ọzọkwa, mgbanwe na ọkwa nke phosphoinositides na-emetụta mbanye na ntinye nke protein ndị na-emepụta ihe nwere ngalaba na-ejikọta lipid, na-emetụta usoro dị ka endocytosis, cytoskeletal dynamics, and cell migration. Na mgbakwunye, iwu nke ọkwa PA site na phospholipases na phosphatases na-emetụta ịzụ ahịa akpụkpọ ahụ, uto cell, na ụzọ akara lipid.
Mkparịta ụka dị n'etiti phospholipid metabolism na akara cell na-emesi mkpa iwu phospholipid dị na ịnọgide na-arụ ọrụ cell na ịzaghachi ihe mkpali extracellular.
VI. Mmechi
A. Nchịkọta nke isi ọrụ Phospholipids na nrịbama cell na nzikọrịta ozi
Na nchịkọta, phospholipids na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịhazi akara cell na usoro nzikọrịta ozi n'ime usoro ndu. Nhazi ha na arụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche na-enyere ha aka ije ozi dị ka ndị na-achịkwa nzaghachi ekwentị, yana ọrụ ndị dị mkpa gụnyere:
Òtù Membrane:
Phospholipids na-etolite ihe mgbochi ụlọ nke membranes cellular, na-ewepụta usoro nhazi maka nkewa nke akụkụ cellular na nhazi nke protein na-egosi. Ikike ha ịmepụta microdomains lipid lipid, dị ka lipid rafts, na-emetụta nhazi oghere nke mgbagwoju anya na mmekọrịta ha, na-emetụta akara ngosi na arụmọrụ.
Ntugharị mgbaàmà:
Phospholipids na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị isi etiti na ntụgharị nke mgbama extracellular n'ime nzaghachi intracellular. Phosphoinositides na-eje ozi dị ka ụmụ irighiri ihe na-egosi, na-emegharị ọrụ nke protein dị iche iche na-emepụta ihe, ebe free fatty acids na lysophospholipids na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ozi nke abụọ, na-emetụta ntinye nke cascades na-egosi na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.
Mgbanwe nrịbama ekwentị:
Phospholipids na-enye aka na nhazi nke ụzọ mgbaàmà dị iche iche, na-achịkwa usoro dịka mmụba cell, ọdịiche, apoptosis, na nzaghachi mgbochi. Ntinye aka ha na ọgbọ nke ndị mgbasa ozi lipid bioactive, gụnyere eicosanoids na sphingolipids, na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta ha na netwọkụ mkpali, metabolic na apoptotic.
Mmekọrịta intercellular:
Phospholipids na-ekerekwa òkè na nkwurịta okwu intercellular site na ntọhapụ nke ndị ogbugbo egbugbere ọnụ, dị ka prostaglandins na leukotrienes, nke na-agbanwe ọrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ na anụ ahụ dị nso, na-achịkwa mbufụt, nghọta mgbu, na ọrụ vaskụla.
Onyinye dị iche iche nke phospholipids na akara cell na nkwurịta okwu na-emesi mkpa ha dị n'ịkwado homeostasis cell na nhazi nzaghachi anụ ahụ.
B. Ntuzi aka n'ọdịnihu maka nyocha na Phospholipids na nrịbama cellular
Ka ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke phospholipids na akara cell na-aga n'ihu na-ekpughere, ọtụtụ ụzọ na-akpali akpali maka nchọpụta n'ọdịnihu na-apụta, gụnyere:
Ụzọ dị iche iche nke ọzụzụ:
Ijikọ usoro nyocha dị elu, dị ka lipidomics, yana usoro ihe omimi molekụla na cellular ga-eme ka nghọta anyị gbasara ọnọdụ ọnọdụ na oge nke phospholipids na usoro nrịbama. Ịchọgharị mkparịta ụka n'etiti metabolism lipid, ịzụ ahịa akpụkpọ ahụ, na akara ekwentị ga-ekpughere usoro nhazi ọhụrụ na ebumnuche ọgwụgwọ.
Echiche Biology Sistemu:
Ịkwado usoro ihe ọmụmụ usoro ihe ọmụmụ, gụnyere ịmegharị mgbakọ na mwepụ na nyocha netwọk, ga-enyere aka ịkọwapụta mmetụta zuru ụwa ọnụ nke phospholipids na netwọk mgbaàmà ekwentị. Ịmepụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti phospholipids, enzymes, na ndị na-egosi mgbaàmà ga-akọwapụta ihe ndị na-eme ngwa ngwa na usoro nzaghachi na-achịkwa ụkpụrụ akara ụzọ.
Mmetụta ọgwụgwọ:
Nyochaa dysregulation nke phospholipids na ọrịa ndị dị ka ọrịa kansa, ọrịa neurodegenerative, na ọrịa metabolic, na-enye ohere ịmepụta usoro ọgwụgwọ ezubere iche. Ịghọta ọrụ phospholipids na-aga n'ihu na ọrịa na ịchọpụta usoro ọhụụ iji gbanwee ihe omume ha na-ekwe nkwa maka usoro ọgwụgwọ ziri ezi.
N'ikpeazụ, ihe ọmụma na-abawanye ụba nke phospholipids na ntinye aka ha dị mgbagwoju anya na nrịbama cellular na nkwurịta okwu na-enye oke na-adọrọ mmasị maka ịga n'ihu nchọgharị na mmetụta ntụgharị ntụgharị na mpaghara dị iche iche nke nyocha biomedical.
Ntụaka:
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Kooijman, EE, & Testerink, C. (2010). Phosphatidic acid: ihe ọkpụkpọ na-apụta na mgbama cell. Ọnọdụ na sayensị osisi, 15 (6), 213-220.
Hilgemann, DW, & Bọọlụ, R. (1996). Iwu nke obi Na(+), H(+) -exchange na K(ATP) ọwa potassium site na PIP2. Sayensị, 273 (5277), 956-959.
Kaksonen, M., & Roux, A. (2018). Usoro nke clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Nlele ihe okike okike ndu ndu ihe ndi ozo, 19(5), 313-326.
Balla, T. (2013). Phosphoinositides: obere lipids nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na nhazi cell. Nyocha gbasara anụ ahụ, 93 (3), 1019-1137.
Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2014). Usoro ihe omimi nke mkpụrụ ndụ cell (ederede 6). Garland Science.
Simons, K., & Vaz, WL (2004). Sistemụ ụdị, rafts lipid, na membranes cell. Nyocha kwa afọ nke Biophysics na Ọdịdị Biomolecular, 33, 269-295.
Oge nzipu: Dec-29-2023
